Research Essay Sample on the Phenomenon of Comics

Research Essay Sample on the Phenomenon of Comics The research essay is a type of work that integrates the knowledge on a particular subject which student receives during the semester and his or her ability to analyze it and create an original vision on the issue. Besides, this type of work presents the skills to work with specific formats and literature. The standard content comprises an introduction, several body paragraphs, conclusion, and ends up with the bibliography part. ‘The Phenomenon of Comics’ Essay Sample Changes in the book formats of recent years demonstrate the period of transition of the printing publication to the multimedia space, so as the creation of alternative versions of the printed word. It also influences the changing paradigm of the readership of a particular genre of literature, creating invariance of the printed product using in various social and public spheres, combining, for example, the entertainment side of writing with learning. The harmonious combination of graphics in any manifestation and verbal accompaniment makes it possible to develop creative and logical thinking to assimilate the presented material fully. Therefore, the specific features of a book publication or a web version can be attributed to the characteristics of a comic book or the so-called graphic novel, which embodies entertaining, learning, and social functions. The Phenomenon of Comics and Its Historic-Literature Tendencies Analyzing current trends in book publishing, one can trace a specific and long-known pattern. The latter assumes attracting the reader attention with an extraordinary approach to the compilation of an upcoming book masterpiece; for example, combining non-standard genres for a particular type of publishing, using colorful illustrations, and creating well-formulated text content. Taking this into account, it is worth emphasizing that literature for children remains one of the most sought-after and challenging to compose. It has various functions, including studying, leisure, entertainment, self-development, learning languages, and the strengthening of individual skills. Such diversity imposes some unwritten â€Å"obligations† on the book publisher, namely, the creation of high quality and, importantly, an exciting print product for children, corresponding to their age group. Behind the mentioned characteristics, the comics embody a competent printing design to satisfy the curren t cognitive needs. Comics denote a series of pictures accompanied by short texts (phylacteries) framed in the shape of a cloud and transmitting the thought or speech of a character, which together implies a coherent story. In fact, the comic book represents a literary and artistic work consisting of a series of drawings and verbal constructions. In various countries, the comics have acquired its specificity and name based on the cultural heritage of the region: manga in Japan, fumetto (drawn stories) in Italy, and drawn strips or BD (bande dessinà ©e) in France and Belgium. Also, the type adherence of the comics is influenced by its volumes: large-scale drawn stories pertain to the graphic novels, while the short stories are called stripes. There are comics without verbal accompaniment, the so-called â€Å"silent comics,† in which the narration is conducted only with the help of a drawing. Despite such a variety of comics, its components in the form of a book edition remain unchanged: The cover with the title, authors, and picture of the main character consists of two sheets: front and back; Frontispiece drawing: an introduction to the comic book; Title page: a brief introduction, information about the authors and artists; Central part: standard from twenty to forty pages, but depending on the type (for example, a graphic novel) there may be a greater or an unlimited number of pages; Pin-Up Page: additions to the comic book, often alternative coverage options. An analysis of publications on this topic has shown that comics are viewed as a historical, social, and cultural phenomenon or a form of language learning and the basis for countless movies during the past decades. It should be remarked that the question of the study of comics as a genre of literature has not been sufficiently considered, despite the recent increase in popularity among readers of all ages, and especially among the younger generation. It was the impetus for the introduction of the comic book into practical activity in socially critical spheres, despite the primary entertainment function of this genre of literature. Like any cultural phenomenon, the comics have its history and an extensive period of the emergence of graphics and later book art in the world culture. The rock art, murals, and popular prints (the technique of woodcuts, engravings on copper; image with a signature, characterized by simplicity and accessibility of images) could be considered as the progenitors of the comic books. The comics were first published by William Hogarth, the English painter and founder of the socio-critical trend in European art that managed to create a dramatic story via drawing in the eighteenth century. Additionally, Hogarth introduced the concept of seriality in the comics. Besides, the first sample of this graphic prose belongs to Thomas Rowlandson that created a series of comics about the adventures of Dr. Syntax (1812-1821), attracting significant attention of the audience. However, Geneva teacher, graphic artist, and novelist Rodolphe Tà ¶pffer is considered the first author working in the form of modern comics. Topfer created history in prints for his students in the design of an album of drawings (1830-1846) for better assimilation of educational material about the adventures of Mr. Jabot and Mr. Crepin (Walkley 106). It was a bright start for the genre. The Comics Evolvement into a Special Cultural Genre The succeeding stage in the spread of the comics is inextricably linked with the U.S. publishing business of the late nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. Jimmy Swinnerton, the contributor of the prestigious American magazine The San Francisco Examiner, included â€Å"The Little Bears† story in the 1892 edition, which later became the first American comic strip. Subsequently, the editors of the issue started to collaborate with many talented artists, making comics its main trump card to attract readers: on the pages of daily and Sunday newspapers there began to appear stories about a little boy in a yellow suit (by Richard Outcault) which compiled a series called Hogan’s Alley (McAllister, Sewell Jr, and Gordon 1). Admitting the popularity of the comics, the chief publisher William R. Hearst has decided to change the printing technology to increase the number of colored pages with the comics. The subsequent stages of the development of the comics as an independent genre can be briefly described as follows: The Golden Age (1930-1950): the first steps in the progress of graphic novels, the founding of DC Comics, the transition from humorous stories to superheroic epic and narration of new world, namely the creation of such characters as Superman, Batman, and Captain America as a means of maintaining the spirit during the military conflicts; Silver Age (from the 1950s to 1970s): the appearance of the new Flash character; the active work of the Marvel company in the face of Stan Lee, Steve Ditko, and Jack Kirby who created famous comic book heroes of all times Fantastic Four, X-Men, Hulk, Thor, Iron Man, and Spider-Man; Bronze Age (from the 1970s to 1985): the comic book plots are becoming more realistic for the adult audience of readers, referring to the current social problems such as bad habits and nature conservation; the death of Gwen Stacy (the beloved one of Spider-Man) as the main event of this period; Modern Century (middle of the 1980s till present): the saturation of realistic dark scenes, the emergence of more anti-heroes, the increased popularity of Asian comics genres. The latter include Japanese manga, Chinese manhua, and Korean manhwa in connection with numerous manga film versions in the form of anime (Japanese multiplication genre). The period also includes the emergence of webcomics and publications on the Internet, the establishing of the basis of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) as the screen version of the famous comic book series (Yockey 225). It is worth noting that in the twentieth and twenty-first-century the comics grew into a massive tree of genre illuminations, being adjacent with the fiction on the publishing market regarding its structure. Here fantasy, mysticism, romance, and the adventures of superheroes coexist and imply a multidimensional space for the artistic imaginations and the next plot decisions. The Visual-Functional Potential of Comics in Social-Pedagogical Sphere Despite the uniformity in the design and composition of the main elements of the publication but multidimensional thematic differences of comics, the synthesis of narration and graphics remains unchanged. It gives reliable support and variability of the use of this literary genre in various fields, primarily pedagogy, philology, and social-pedagogical activity. Children’s perception and understanding of reality are different from an adult’s version, so teachers try to provide educational material as clearly as possible taking into account the characteristics of the child’s psyche, particularly the lack of skills to fix attention. Visualization and figurativeness of comics make it possible to concentrate attention, to convey the necessary material as concisely and structurally as possible. In particular, this approach is productively implemented in the teaching of foreign languages. Furthermore, it is possible to put forward the assumption that comics can be practiced in English lessons in elementary school as a means of teaching under certain conditions. The main argument in favor of this thesis is compliance with the interests and mental characteristics of children of primary school age. Its application can be an effective means of forming the mechanisms of English speech in students (especially if it is not the first language), providing that the specific features of their mental development and psyche are taken into account. Considering not only the visual potential of the comics in pedagogy, but also its informational content, the French comic series Asterix designates one of the best examples that focus on building syntax, using original dialogues, copyright recitatives, and specially simplified construction of words in offers. The pattern of this series shows the whole range of possibilities of the comics as an additional tool in learning a foreign langua ge at the elementary level. The Connection between Comics and Cinema Comics were initially conceived as an entertaining genre, but despite this fact, it began to be used in various fields of activity as a vivid example to motivate the solution of socially significant problems. The socio-pedagogical movement has an extensive area of work with the use of multiple methods and techniques. At the same time, the cultural function of comics in relation to the cinema genre could not be ignored. The unconditional link â€Å"cinema-comics† is visible to the audience. The comics became the basis for creating a particular type of films. For sure, the meeting of cinema with comics was inevitable due to genetic relatedness. The anatomical outline of a comic book is nothing more than a director’s storyboard; the pairing of characters, the dialogue duel and the open finale, which implies seriality, are all composite signs of the comics. Such a complementarity of the two genres of art confirms the narrative nature of the comic book, makes it possible to use it in its activities fully. For example, teachers of literature, using screen versions of literary works as an innovative technology in pedagogy, can show the invariance of the presentation of the masterpieces of world literature. Throughout its long history, the comics have experienced multiple transformations from primitive paintings to full-fledged forms of art, printing, and ultimately cinematography. The way to improve the form and content coincided with the needs of society for almost two hundred years. Initially, comics were considered as entertainment for the masses, a way of raising the spirit and agitation. Eventually, its real potential was recognized as a vivid example in the activities of such fields as pedagogy and social movement, taking forms of applications for the benefit of children’s comprehensive development. Overall, the comics can be attributed to the literature for any age, but preferably children. The potential of the comics is impossible to be delineated with boundaries, and in the future, it will be used in ascending progress as in graphic print form and movies. The present research essay sample covers one of the most current and popular subjects the history of the comics genre. It implies all the parts essential for the mentioned academic form of work. Also, there is presented an analytical view on the subject past, present, and future potential for not merely entertaining but educational purpose. Thus, choosing popular research essay topics, following the format instructions and utilization of the scholarly literature is a secret to the excellent quality of research essay. Hope this sample gives useful guidance on how to write the highest mark paper. McAllister, Matthew P., Edward H. Sewell Jr, and Ian Gordon. â€Å"Introducing Comics and Ideology.† Comics and Ideology (2001): 1-13. Walkley, Maxwell. â€Å"Rodolphe Tà ¶pffer (1799-1846): A Swiss Satirist of French Society and Culture.† Arts: The Journal of the Sydney University Arts Association 20 (2012): 106-122. Yockey, Matt, ed. Make Ours Marvel: Media Convergence and a Comics Universe. University of Texas Press, 2017.

Psychological Disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychological Disorders - Essay Example Psychological disorders are known to be harmful, and dysfuntional when they are labeled to be behaviors such as, atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable (Myers 2006, pg.522). Although there is medical treatment available for many of these psychological problems, the reaction to the treatment varies from person to person. In that regard it can not be wholly stated that these diseases, in themselves (such as major depression), can be effectively treated by prescribed drugs at all times. When a specialist makes a claim that such a disorder is not a psychological problem, it creates an adversity on those who struggle with the illness themselves and, it makes many feel as if they are being compromised when trying to stress how the disorder has impacted their lives to a medical practitioner or psychiatrist. However, it can be understood why a statement such as this would be made because it has taken the medical world nearly twenty years to realize that a major depressive disor der is a severe psychological problem. Beforehand, the attitude did exist that it wasn't that serious and that it could be medically treated in an efficient manner with prescribed drugs to alter the pattern of the illness (Field et al, 2000, pg.71).

MKTG 3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

MKTG 3000 - Essay Example This had been Dell’s main value proposition. This had been the reason why Dell had experienced so much success over fierce and well settled rivals such as IBM and Compaq. With Dell, customers can customize their own computer systems, and there is no minimum order that needs to be placed for that. Every personal computer can be fully customized based on memory size, processor speed, screen size, battery type, and so on. This gives the customer a great deal of flexibility in choosing his/her computer and does not need to settle only for what the company offers. This, indirectly, also has another major benefit to the customer. The Just in Time (JIT) and Supply Chain Management (SCM) systems used by the company help it to achieve extremely low lead times and low costs. As there are no intermediaries between the manufacturer and customer, Dell can easily charge a lower price to the customer. These benefits result in great customer satisfaction and are the main reasons why customers choose Dell over its

Personal Experience: A Caring Occurrence

Personal Experience: A Caring Occurrence The purpose of this reflective paper is to reflect on a personal experience in which you cared for someone. Using Johns model (Johns 2006), the reflection will explore how the personal experience reflected a caring occurrence. Reflection is the appearance of experiential knowledge and as nursing students; we should begin to use reflection as our experience in the nursing field accumulates. It is both justified and recommended that Carpers work be incorporated into reflective practice since it was a key figure in widening knowledge in nursing (Heath, 1998). Reflective practice incorporates Carpers (1978) ways of knowing personal, ethical, aesthetical and empirical knowing into an individuals reflection. Reflection is a personal understanding of self and in the development of self, reflecting on relationships and interactions between two or more people. As a nurse, the relationship is between the nurse and the client, and sometimes involves the clients family as well. The experience in which I cared for someone occurred in the fall of 2009. As part of my Gr. 12 Ethics and Morals Religion Class, it was required that for an eight week period, we spent a period of our time, once a week at a retirement home with our assigned adoptive grandparent. The purpose of this assignment was to spend time with an older adult, engage in communication, participation, and enjoy the time spent with the older generation and learn from them. So once a week, I made my way to the retirement home and spent an hour and a half with my adoptive grandparent Blanche. I planned ahead of time activities that she might like to take part in such as a puzzle, a walk, a craft, or baking. Once I got there, I would ask her what she would like to do and we would go from there. Each time I went there, she had a different story to tell me; her life as a young farm girl, her teenage years, and the love of her life, her career as a teacher, her family and journeys she had been on. Each st ory had its own personal meaning to her and I sat there attentively and listened, asked probing questions and comments. As her adopted grandchild, it was my duty to entertain her, keep her spirits up and encourage her. The one week when I went there, she had physiotherapy so I could not spend much time with her on a personal level, but more of a team of caring individuals to support her, and encourage her through her therapy. Although this situation does not exactly relate to a medical need for caring for someone, I still managed to care for an individual on a personal, face-to-face encounter. This experience also helped me to learn how important the elderly patients are. When I experienced this caring situation, I was feeling worried and nervous at first. I was unsure what to expect prior to meeting my adoptive grandparent. I was worried about the fact that my grandparent might not have liked me, or would be extremely quiet and held back. Since this was one of the first times I would be put in an experience like this, I just did not know what to expect. After the first two weeks, I became more comfortable in my surroundings and each week I would then look forward to my visits with Blanche. After I became comfortable, I was happy and opened up more towards Blanche. The purpose of this experience achieved a new found friendship with a member of the older generation. It gave me the opportunity to care for an individual at the retirement home who did not have many visitors, so I became her weekly visitor and spent quality time with her and card for her in a special way. This experience helped me achieve a better respect for the elderly and enhanced my ab ility to relate to them on a personal level. Knowledge that may have informed me would be the calling for a special person who cares for the spirituality of others. Nursing is a caring profession that is honoured as the spiritual, spirit-filled practice (Vance, 2003). A caring occasion becomes transpersonal when nurse and client together with their unique life histories and perception become a focal point, in which the moment is greater than the occasion itself (Watson, 2008). The experience shared between the two becomes a deeper pattern in life. The caring moment is being in the moment. Fully present, open to other people, compassion and connection. Reflection of practice allows the nurse to observe decisions made and bring to the open the knowledge that has formed from practicing skills. Nursing students can enhance multiple ways of knowing and their understanding of caring through the process of reflecting on caring encounters (Schaefer, 2002). The foundation of nurse care is the wisdom in knowing and understanding that les sons are learned by one another to become more human in learning the identity of ourselves with others. When I cared for Blanche on a weekly basis, I acted for the best with the values that I had at the time. Although I had not dealt with many elderly patients prior to this experience, I still knew the values I had and gave Blanche my utmost respect. I treated her with the same respect that I would have liked to be treated if the positions were opposite. Caring as a nurse means the innermost of nursing, without prejudice and aims at prioritizing the patients suffering and needs (Gustafsson et al., 2007). Nursing care is the process aimed at responding to patients needs without reasoning. Quality care is the element to caring. When a nurse is caring for someone, it is best that they are not bias towards the patient, nurses should treat all patients equally, meaning not giving certain patients more attention, unless their critical situation demands it of them. This situation connects with a previous experience in which I worked at a retirement home for a few weeks in the summer. This position mainly had me as house cleaning but in the evening when everything was done, it allowed me to interact with the residents. I talked to them, played games and took them for a stroll outside. The experience in which I cared for Blanche was more connected and personal in terms of the one-on-one time I was able to spend with her. The idea of reflection is caring science learning, learning and developing a personal knowledge of caring as an art (Gustafsson et al., 2007). This helps to establish the substance and quality of caring in regards to the patient. Factors that constrain my responding in new ways is my personal confidence level, with a variation of the knowledge of my experience, which I will hope to gain from working side-by-side with experience nurse practitioners. This also relates to my level of involvement, if I increase the questions I ask if I am in doubt, I will gain more knowledge of the situation. This will also offer clarification and a deeper level of thought in regards to the situation. When I was caring for Blanche, at first I was not very confident and a little hesitant to introducing myself to a complete stranger and spending time with her once a week. After participating in this learning of a life lesson, I gained so much from it. I have more confidence in my ability to communicate with strangers; I have stepped outside the box I built up around myself and have become a more confident, strong, communicative leader. Although I may still be a little hesitant about situations, that is normal. A fear of the unknown or hesitation is another constraint to responding in new ways. This unknowing is an awareness that as a nurse does not and cannot know or understand the client when they first meet (Heath, 1998). Knowing the clients information or background prior to meeting with the patient will help make the situation a little more comfortable. Mixed groups may possibly enhance the development of skills of reflection (Heath, 1998). Working together as a team will help form and ensure actions are for the best. As a team, all sides are valued and reflection is more in-depth and has different vantage points. As a student nurse, insights that I have gained from this reflection is that my experience will grow and I can begin to understand the details of what experienced nurses know. It may only be a small portion, but I can build an understanding for the knowledge expert nurses have and benefit from it. A powerful insight is recognizing the unknown, and as a nurse, I can learn to remain alert to the clients individual viewpoint of the situation. This can best be done by listening to the client and establishing a truthful, open, working relationship, without the state of unknowing. Nurses need to be aware of the lack of empirical knowledge (Heath, 1998). This will promote an awareness to learn, research and increase practical skills. Guided reflection is a journey of self-inquiry and transformation (Johns, 2006). Reflection helps one realize their ability to care, learn and gain experience on past situations, learn from mistakes so they do not happen again. Reflection is awakening of the se lf (Johns, 2006). Did I act or be the best I could be with Blanche? I personally feel that I did the best job I could with the knowledge I had at the time. After learning about nurse- client therapeutic communication, I feel that maybe now, if I were to go back and relive the experience, I would be have a better relationship with her and gain more knowledge and become an even better adopted grandchild. I would ensure that the relationship would be more purposeful and contain a position of trust and a unique responsibility to maintain a therapeutic relationship. What would I have done differently if I was able to relive this experience to improve and make the most of this experience for both myself and Blanche? If I were to relive this experience, I would change the direction of advancing the best outcome and interest for Blanche. I would give her more attention, make more time in my schedule to spend time with her and take pleasure in the time spent together. Just because I may understand something, d oes not mean that I could change the outcome, it just means I am on my way to changing and becoming a more determined nurse. Understanding something is the first step towards changing. As John (2006) states, usually negative feelings such as anger, guilt, frustration and sadness draw our attention to the experience. These negative feelings draw specific attention because they seem disturbed and usual taken-for-granted awareness for feelings. In my situation while I was caring for my adopted grandparent, this was not the case. If anything, it was the opposite. The feelings that drew my attention to this caring situation were happiness, thoughtfulness, joy, and understanding. The smile I saw every time I walked into Blanches room and glow in her eyes every time she saw us. Our weekly visits to her brightened her days and made her feel young again. I appreciated being with her, giving her my time, my attention and my skill as a person of todays generation. It takes practice first and then reflection (Johns, 2006). It is best to practice the skills needed first, make sure they are understood and demonstrated them properly and then reflect on the occasion and what went right and what went wrong and improve the situation for the next time.

The Aliens Next Door :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Aliens Next Door   Ã‚  Ã‚   Three of them are on the right side of my bed. I try to holler but I can't. I can't move. I'm scared, remembering the pain from the other times. They fly through the ceiling and out the roof, taking me with them. Next thing I'm in their craft, lying on a table, and I'm cold. I'm naked. They're putting something up into my vagina, and I'm scared they'll leave it there. They wear skintight black coveralls. They look like black grasshoppers. No hair, wide jaw. Black eyes, big, halfway between round and oval. Small openings for nostrils. No ears, just foot-long antennae. A thumb and three long pointy fingers. They're cold when they touch me. They talk to one another and I hear them in my mind. They have a damp, musty odor about them. They roll me over and put a burning hot needle along my spine. They aren't saying anything. I can't cry for help. Afterwards I'm floating out of a craft. There are beings with me surrounding me. I'm not scared. I'm back in bed, drif ting off to sleep. They're gone. (Gordon, 82).    Many of the world's inhabitants have reported experiences like those of Mary, a hospital administrator, who, at the age of forty-three, remembered her abduction by alien beings through hypnotic regression. (Gordon 82) Many people believe in alien beings from other planets. Many people also believe that aliens have visited Earth in UFOs. A UFO is an unidentified flying object. This usually ranges from an airplane to the much publicized alien aircrafts from outer space.    When people think of aliens they usually think of little green men from Mars, other little gray men, or giant monsters. The little gray men are described to be about four feet tall. There heads are large and oval. The beings' eyes are also shaped like ovals, but turned up at the ends like cat's eyes. The aliens have also been described as having long fingers that extend from the wrist. These wrists are attached to extremely long arms connected at narrow shoulder blades. These alien beings are also said to radiate a luminescent aura. The large monsters have been described as anything that can be imagined from the depths of one's soul.

Does Person-Centred Therapy Differ from Other Helping Relationships?

â€Å"How do person-centred counsellors use the therapeutic relationship to facilitate change- and in what way (s) does person-centred therapy differ from other helping relationships? † word count: 2,495 Person centred counselling originated and was evolved on the ideas of American psychologist Carl Rogers. The influences on Carl Rogers and he’s conceptualisation of Person centred counselling are numerous, from his early family life living on a farm, his interest and involvement in theology and his formative professional career. One incident which appears to have had a particular impact on Carl Rogers was when working in his first job as a psychologist, at Rochester New York, for an organisation for the prevention of cruelty to children, whilst working with a parent (Kirshenbaum H, et al. 1989). At this stage in his career Carl Rogers, being trained in or influenced by the tradition of psychoanalysis, was essentially working in a diagnostic and interpretative way, helping a child or parent gain insight or an intellectual understanding of their own behaviour and what was unconsciously driving or motivating it (Thorne B 2002) . He formalised that the problem with the child stemmed from the Mother’s rejection of the child in his early years. But despite a number of sessions was unable to help the Mother gain this insight. He concluded that it wasn’t working and finally gave up. The Mother was leaving when she asked Carl Rogers if he takes adults for counselling. He began working with the mother, where she subsequently expressed her despair of unhappiness and feelings of failure, which was more emotive and authentic in expression, than the previously intellectual and matter of fact account given previously of her history and current life. Carl Rogers said that ‘real therapy’ began at this moment and concluded in a successful outcome (Kirshenbaum H, et al. 1990). This is Carl Roger’s view and what he learned from this experience: â€Å"This incident was one of a number which helped me to experience the fact- only fully realized later- that is the client who knows what hurts, what directions to go, what problems are crucial, what experiences have been deeply buried. It began to occur to me that unless I had a need to demonstrate my own cleverness and learning, I would do better to rely upon the client for the direction of movement in the process†. Kirshenbaum H, et al. 1990 p13). This statement is arguably the beginnings of what, in many ways would later define and becomes a way of working within person centred therapy – that is a therapy that allows the client to be whom the client is, without any active direction from the therapist. Carl Rogers through clinical experience, research an d development later defined his model of therapy. He based it upon the principles of a person as having at it’s a core an instinctive tendency towards growth, to fulfilling their potential as a person in what he termed ‘self actualisation’ (Mearns D, et al. 988). Carl Rogers believed that every living organism has a desire to increase, widen and broaden. Essentially, a fundamental urge to improve upon itself and that although, in the case of human beings, this urge may be buried or hidden by multiple psychological structures and conflicts, he strongly believed in the existence of this actualisation tendency in all of us and that given the correct conditions, it could be freed and realised in all of us (Rogers C 1961- becoming a person). Personally, I have recognised a need to develop and grow within myself for sometime and this has again been highlighted to me during this term. The more I become aware of my insecurities and pre judgements, the greater the desire to become bigger than them only becomes more apparent to me. Through my clinical experience working with adults with mental health problems, I have certainly recognised a desire in many, to become bigger or more than their issues, although, I am not certain if that was a desire to escape from their often intolerable suffering, or a fundamental need to self actualise†¦ at the very least, I would suggest self actualisation is an entirely relative supposition and will differ from person to person, dependent upon their own experiences, circumstances and perhaps even expectations. These correct conditions which are required within person centred therapy in order that the client can achieve self actualisation and personality change were outlined by Carl Rogers and he believed that if this 6 conditions were met, it would facilitate change within the client: Two persons are in psychological contact- both client and counsellor are present physically and psychologically. The client is in a state of incongruence, (which will be discussed in more detail) the communication of the counsellor’s empathetic understanding and unconditional positive regard is met at a minimal level. The last condition mentioned involves 3 other conditions, which are essential attitudes and qualities necessary for the counsellor to posses for successful therapy; empathic understanding, unconditional positive regard and congruence. (Rogers C, 1957). Before looking at the latter 3 in more detail, it is important to understand Carl Rogers’s view of the person and perhaps what is ultimately bringing the client to therapy. Carl Rogers believed that there is incongruence between the self that is the actualisation part, that has a desire to grow, is open to experiencing in the moment and ultimately psychological well being and the actual experience of the self. He believed this effect was caused by ‘conditions of worth’, by external expectations, such as by parents and teachers, i. e. f you behave in a certain way that pleases me, that perhaps doesn’t evoke anxieties in me, you are a good boy- there are certain ‘conditions’ attached to being in this relationship- the child tries to internalise these conditions in order to maintain the relationship (Mearns D 1994- developing PC). Consequently, people deny or distort the experiences to their selves, which differ to how we are supposed or are condi tioned to be. Therefore, Carl Rogers believed that we begin to believe in what we are not and refute who we really are (Mearns D 1994). The person has a fixed and inflexible view, or self concept (Rogers C 1980). It’s almost as if the person is driven in implementing or adopting certain behaviours in order to be accepted or loved and denying, or at the cost of their true self and feelings. This is the state of incongruence Rogers was referring as apart of the necessary conditions. Carl Rogers recognised, through his development of this approach, that distinctive and essential qualities are necessary within the therapist, for successful therapy and to facilitate character change. The emphasis being on the therapist’s attitude towards the client, as opposed to any technical skills or interventions, in comparison to many other modalities. As already mentioned, the key attitudes or qualities being empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard (Rogers C 1980). Empathy can be considered as having an ability to perceive and understand in the other person their feelings, experiences and their meaning to that person. To understand the internal world of that person, to be fully aware of the feelings they are experiencing, their anger or sadness for example, as if they are your own, but being aware that they are the clients, in order that your own feelings do not become the focus or blur the clients own experiencing (Rogers C, 1957). To absolutely see from the clients view, the feelings they may have from their position or personal experiencing, but recognising them as separate from your own. I recall a moment during this term, when in skills practise, being in the ‘client role’, when I received empathy. I was speaking about a personal situation, which I was aware on some level had meaning to me, but wasn’t fully aware of, or experiencing the feelings relating to this meaning. My perception later was that the person listened so intently, was so with me in trying to make sense of my situation, that they really did know and fully understand how it must feel for me. It was almost if I had no choice in allowing my feelings to be present, to come to my awareness and I was left with a sense of loss, feelings of loss, that I wasn’t aware of and made tremendous sense to my circumstances and why I had some anxiety and confusion in relation to this particular issue. This highlights for me how powerful empathy can be, as well as actively listening to and showing an interest sufficient in trying to understand the client, but also how it has the potential to provoke in the client in becoming aware of hidden feelings or realisations. Unconditional positive regard (UPR) is another important aspect and described as having total acceptance of the client, without conditions, whoever and whatever the client is, or how they may behave. An acceptance of not what they may or could be, but as they are now, regardless of what desired qualities the counsellor may wish for. It means total respect and valuing the person, without judgement. It also involves a sense of genuine care and wanting the best for them, including warmth for the person (Rogers C 1961). David Mearns talks about the often confusion in trainees, when understanding UPR, with a statement such as, ‘how is it possible to like all my clients’? He makes a distinction that liking is generally selective, as we perceive a similarity in values and complementary needs and UPR and liking are two very different concepts (Mearns D 1994). Unconditional positive regard is completely about valuing the person, without conditions, with all the facets of the person, their struggles, protective layers, confusion and perhaps inconsistencies. This unconditional stance is a contradiction to the conditions of worth spoken of earlier and is a vital component of person centred counselling (Kulewicz S, 1989). If a client is holding a believe that they will only be accepted, depending on the condition of others, essentially they do not see themselves as being wholly acceptable. The stance and communication of UPR can break this believe and the client is able to be in a relationship, with the counsellor accepting them without conditions (Rogers C 1961). If the counsellor is consistently valuing the client, the client perhaps has no reason for the protective layers and can be more open to their own inner experiences. Also, I wonder if the counsellor is almost giving permission and communicating a message to the client that it is ok to accept who they truly are. Another essential attitude for the counsellor, recognised by Rogers is congruence. This is the counsellor being who they are, no facade or ‘professional’ barrier. The counsellor is open and genuine in the relationship, allowing all feelings and thoughts to be in his awareness and available to him (Rogers C 1961). It’s being present with yourself and owning your feelings, not necessarily expressing what you are experiencing at the time to the client, but also not denying it. How congruence is conveyed is ultimately depended upon the counsellor themselves and when appropriate. It is about allowing a trust to be formed with the client, without pretences, where the counsellor is being human and willing to be seen (Thorne B 2002). If the counsellor is willing to acknowledge his feelings, strengths, perhaps their mistakes or weakness, it can not only allow for a more open and flowing relationship, but again I see this as perhaps giving permission to the client to embrace themselves, their strengths and weaknesses. How this differs from a helping relationship, are mainly the quality of contact and the nature of the differences in relationship. What if our client seeks help from a non person centred counsellor, perhaps a professionally respected person, a Doctor, teacher, perhaps even a work place manager, or colleague. They will listen, perhaps are sympathetic, are likely to offer advice and some direction the person may take in order to resolve their problem. But there is no ongoing process, no consistency of a relationship, with all the qualities discussed, empathy, UPR and congruence. The person centred therapist offers a safe and non judgemental relationship, with the client being valued for who they are, where they can grow in understanding of themselves, gain insight and become psychological stronger and independent. A helping relationship, although perhaps useful and supportive, will not facilitate change and allow a person to grow. In conclusion, person centred therapy is about an effective relationship, or aspires to be one, in which a person through experiencing a positive connection with another person, namely the therapist, receives deep empathy, understanding and genuine care. This enables a person to question or challenge their self concepts, to begin to experience buried or hidden feelings and gain a deeper understanding of themselves, with more acceptances and the autonomy to live without fear of their own feelings and perhaps their truer selves. It is without any difficulty from me to admire the sheer humanity of what Carl Rogers achieved with person centred therapy, the whole ethos of accepting and allowing the person to grow through such a positive and caring relationship. It appears to me that this is an incredibly challenging model of therapy, for both client and therapist. For the client the person centred therapist may appear safe and accepting, even inoffensive or unchallenging to his protective mechanisms or fixed self concepts, but that is perhaps the greatest challenge to the client, who may want answers or ways of dealing with their issues, perhaps unbearable anxiety and will perhaps look to the therapist for solutions and will find the person centred therapist completely and deeply sharing their distress, but essentially leaving it with client to be able to tolerate and accept for themselves, with of course as discussed, with the intention for the client to grow, understand the meaning behind their distress and ultimately in becoming psychologically independent. I would imagine, at least initially or in the short term, it must be difficult for the client, who is still searching and looking outside of himself, for the apparent safety and false ‘conditions’ that will make it all well again. For the therapist, the challenge is potentially numerous, but what I recognise is the trust he must have in the process of person centred therapy, in maintaining all the attitudes as discussed and consistently so. I can see that taking great strength and discipline, when he could perhaps temptingly turn to direction and advice giving. I am also left wondering if the strengths within PC therapy are also its weaknesses. The quality of therapy can only be as effective as the quality of therapist, or the limitations of the therapist. This could be said of other therapies, but for example, the CBT therapist has a direction and structure to fall back on. The challenge to the PC therapist is to be constantly growing and developing, as there is such a dependence upon who they are in the relationship. References: Kirshenbaum, H. and Henderson, V. L. (1989) The Carl Rogers reader Bury St. Edmunds: St Edmundsbury Press Limited. Kulewicz, S. F. (1989) The twelve core functions of a Counselor (5th Edn). Marlborough, CT: Counselor Publications. Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (1988) Person-centred counselling in Action (3rd Edn). London: Sage Publications Ltd. Mearns, D. 1994) Developing Person Centred counselling (2nd Edn). London: Sage Publications Ltd. Rogers, C. R. (1957) The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol. 60, No. 6, 827-832 . Rogers, C. R. (1961) On Becoming a Person London: Constable & Robinson Ltd. Rogers, C. R. (1980) A way of Being Boston: Houghton and Mifflin Company. Rogers, C. R. (1980) Client Centred psychotherapy In: Kaplan, H. I. et al, ceds, Comprehensive text book of Psychiatry (3rd Edn). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co. Thorne, B. Dryden, W. (2002) Person Centred Counselling in W. Dryden Handbook of Individual Therapy (4th Edn). London: Sage. pp. 131-157.

The Elizabeth Poor Law - 824 Words

Elizabeth Poor Laws: Why were they so important in the development of social welfare in North America?: The Elizabeth Poor Law advocated and placed responsibility of the poor to the churches and government. If parishes could not meet the responsibilities, counties were required to assume relief-giving functions. The government became the chief enforcer of poor relief. However, the local parishes fulfilled their welfare responsibilities in several ways. They provided outdoor relief to persons in the homes; provided indoor relief to person in special institutions that came to be variously known as almshouse, poorhouses or workhouses; or required person to become indenture servants or apprentices. It also required relatives to care†¦show more content†¦Like England , North America had to create a social welfare system that would benefit all immigrants and citizens. North America today has welcomed millions of immigrants from different cultures and political views. Tyl or, said that culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man and woman as a member of society. Without a social welfare act, it would be impossible to function in a society that embraces so many cultures with different political and social beliefs. It is unrealistic to believe that North America is, or was equipped and prepared to provide financial support, employment, health care, education and other types of support with equal distributions to society as a whole. The Elizabethethan Poor Laws, puts emphasis on the group of people who cannot protect or provide for themselves. North America imitates, The Elizabethan Poor Law, as North America had to develop a social welfare system that would acknowledge that North America, does not have equal distribution of wealth. For example, North American had to create the TANF program to assist those who are poor and cannot work, and have no mon ey to take care of their families. Families who receive fund through TANF program are consider to be very poor families who need cash assistance in order to maintain support themselves and their families.Show MoreRelatedElizabeth Has A Population Of 129,007 People Living In1596 Words   |  7 PagesElizabeth has a population of 129,007 people living in the city. It is the fourth largest community in New Jersey with twenty-six constituent neighborhoods. It is an extremely ethnically-diverse city with 64% of the population Hispanic, 17% Black, and 14% White. Elizabeth was once ranked number eleven in a list of dangerous cities in New Jersey (Uniform). While there are surveys and public polls on what cities in a state are the most dangerous, I did not want to rely on speculation and opinion. 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